Skip to main content\(\newcommand{\N}{\mathbb N} \newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb Z} \newcommand{\Q}{\mathbb Q} \newcommand{\R}{\mathbb R}
\newcommand{\ddx}[1]{\frac{d}{dx}\left(#1\right)}
\newcommand{\Ddx}[1]{\dfrac{d}{dx}\left(#1\right)}
\newcommand{\dd}[2]{\frac{d#1}{d#2}}
\newcommand{\Dd}[2]{\dfrac{d#1}{d#2}}
\newcommand{\dydx}{\frac{dy}{dx}}
\newcommand{\Dydx}{\dfrac{dy}{dx}}
\newcommand{\blank}[1]{\underline{\hspace{#1}}}
\newcommand{\dint}{\displaystyle \int}
\newcommand{\va}{┊}
\newcommand{\lt}{<}
\newcommand{\gt}{>}
\newcommand{\amp}{&}
\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}
\newcommand{\fillinmath}[1]{\mathchoice{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\displaystyle \phantom{\,#1\,}$}}{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\textstyle \phantom{\,#1\,}$}}{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\scriptstyle \phantom{\,#1\,}$}}{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\scriptscriptstyle\phantom{\,#1\,}$}}}
\)
Colophon Colophon
This book was authored in PreTeXt.